Zulmath is the disease in prophetic system of medicine.darkness of
vital body and it’s influence to cytological physical body. The Qur’an
has been interpreted to say that those who transgress the bounds of
what is right are doomed to “burning despair and ice-cold darkness.”
The term scotobiology describes the study of biology as directly and
specifically affected by darkness, as opposed to photobiology, which
describes the biological effects of light
The science of scotobiology gathers together under a single
descriptive heading a wide range of approaches to the study of the
biology of darkness. This includes work on the effects of darkness on
the behavior and metabolism of animals, plants, and microbes. Some of
this work has been going on for over a century, and lays the
foundation for understanding the importance of dark night skies, not
only for humans but for all biological species.
The great majority of biological systems have evolved in a world of
alternating day and night and have become irrevocably adapted to and
dependent on the seasonally changing patterns of light and darkness.
Light is essential for many biological activities such as sight and
photosynthesis. These are the focus of the science of photobiology.
But the presence of uninterrupted periods of darkness, as well as
their alternation with light, is just as important to biological
behaviour. Scotobiology studies the positive responses of biological
systems to the presence of darkness, and not merely the negative
effects caused by the absence of light.
Effects of darkness
Many of the biological and behavioural activities of plants, animals
(including birds and amphibians), insects, and microorganisms are
either adversely affected by light pollution at night or can only
function effectively either during or as the consequence of nightly
darkness. Such activities include foraging, breeding and social
behavior in higher animals, amphibians, and insects, which are all
affected in various ways if light pollution occurs in their
environment. These are not merely photobiological phenomena; light
pollution acts by interrupting critical dark-requiring processes.
But perhaps the most important scotobiological phenomena relate to the
regular periodic alternation of light and darkness. These include
breeding behavior in a range of animals, the control of flowering and
the induction of winter dormancy in many plants, and the operational
control of the human immune system. In many of these biological
processes the critical point is the length of the dark period rather
than that of the light. For example, "short-day" and "long-day" plants
are, in fact, "long-night" and "short-night" respectively. That is to
say, plants do not measure the length of the light period, but of the
dark period. One consequence of artificial light pollution is that
even brief periods of relatively bright light during the night may
prevent plants or animals (including humans) from measuring the length
of the dark period, and therefore from behaving in a normal or
required manner. This is a critical aspect of scotobiology, and one of
the major areas in the study of the responses of biological systems to
darkness.
In discussing scotobiology, it is important to remember that darkness
(the absence of light) is seldom absolute. An important aspect of any
scotobiological phenomenon is the level and quality (wavelength) of
light that is below the threshold of detection for that phenomenon and
in any specific organism. This important variable in scotobiological
studies is not always properly noted or examined. There are
substantial levels of natural light pollution at night, of which
moonlight is usually the strongest. For example, plants that rely on
night length to program their behaviour have the capacity to ignore
full moonlight during an otherwise dark night. If this ability had not
evolved, plants would not be able to respond to changing night-length
for such behavioural programs as the initiation of flowering and the
onset of dormancy. On the other hand, some animal behavioural patterns
are strongly responsive to moonlight. It is thus most important in any
scotobiological study to determine the threshold level of light that
may be required to interfere with or negate the normal pattern of
dark-night activity.
In 2003, at a symposium on the Ecology of the Night held in
light pollution on the biology of a wide range of organisms, but it
went far beyond this in describing darkness as a biological imperative
for the functioning of biological systems. Presentations focused on
the absolute requirement of darkness for many aspects of normal
behaviour and metabolism of many organisms and for the normal
progression of their life cycles. Because there was no suitable term
to describe the Symposium's main focus, the term scotobiology was
introduced. The word is derived from the Greek scotos (dark), and
relates to photobiology, which describes the biological effects of
light (photos). This term appears not to have been used previously,
although related terms such as and scotophyle have appeared in the
literature
Pulse diagnosis is a technique used in traditional medicines such as
in Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, or early Greek medicine.
In Ayurveda, advocates claim that by taking a pulse examination,
humoral imbalances such as the three Doshas - Vata, Pitta, and Kaphha
- can be diagnosed.
In Traditional Chinese Medicine, the pulse is divided into three
positions on each wrist. The first pulse closest to the wrist is the
cun(inch) position, the second guan (gate), and the third pulse
position furthest away from the wrist is the chi (foot). Each position
represents a pair if organs, with different organs apparent on the
superficial, middle, and deep level. Various classic texts cite
different pairings of organs, some omitting the second organ from the
pulse entirely. Generally, the first position on the left hand
represents the heart and small intestine, the second, liver and
gallbladder, and third the kidney yin and the bladder. On the right
hand, the first position is representative of the lungs and large
intestine, the second of the spleen and stomach, and the third
represents the kidney yang and uterus or triple burner. The strengths
and weaknesses of the positions are used to asses the patient
diagnostically, along with the different qualities and speed of the
pulse
In medicine, one's pulse represents the tactile arterial palpation of
the heartbeat by trained fingertips. The pulse may be palpated in any
place that allows an artery to be compressed against a bone, such as
at the neck (carotid artery), at the wrist (radial artery), behind the
knee (popliteal artery), on the inside of the elbow (brachial artery),
and near the ankle joint (posterior tibial artery). The pulse can also
be measured by listening to the heart beat directly (auscultation),
traditionally using a stethoscope
The pulse is a decidedly low tech/high yield and antiquated term still
useful at the bedside in an age of computational analysis of cardiac
performance. Claudius Galen was perhaps the first physiologist to
describe the pulse. The pulse is an expedient tactile method of
determination of systolic blood pressure to a trained observer.
Diastolic blood pressure is non-palpable and unobservable by tactile
methods, occurring between heartbeats.
Pressure waves generated by the heart in systole moves the arterial
walls. Forward movement of blood occurs when the boundaries are
pliable and compliant. These properties form enough to create a
palpable pressure wave.
The heart rate may be greater or lesser than the pulse rate depending
upon physiologic demand. In this case, the heart rate is determined by
auscultation or audible sounds at the heart apex, in which case it is
not the pulse. The pulse deficit (difference between heart beats and
pulsations at the periphery) is determined by simultaneous palpation
at the radial artery and auscultation at the heart apex.
Pulse velocity, pulse deficits and much more physiologic data are
readily and simplistically visualized by the use of one or more
arterial catheters connected to a transducer and oscilloscope. This
invasive technique has been commonly used in intensive care since the
1970s.
The rate of the pulse is observed and measured by tactile or visual
means on the outside of an artery and is recorded as beats per minute
or BPM.
The pulse may be further indirectly observed under light absorbances
of varying wavelengths with assigned and inexpensively reproduced
mathematical ratios. Applied capture of variances of light signal from
the blood component hemoglobin under oxygenaThe pulse rate can be used
to check overall heart health and fitness level. Generally lower is
better, but bradycardias can be dangerous. Symptoms of a dangerously
slow heartbeat include weakness, loss of energy and fainting.ted vs.
deoxygenated conditions allows the technology of pulse oximetry
References
The Ecology of the Night. An International Symposium: Darkness as a
Biological Imperative.
Peter L.E. Goering. Proceedings are available online at
www.muskokaheritage.org/ecology-night/
Bidwell, R.G.S. 1979. Plant Physiology, MacMillan Publishing Co.,
Inc.,
Mantese, Lucymarie (March 2000). Photon-Driven Localization: How
Materials Really Absorb Light. American Physical Society.
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/
Melyan, Z.; Tarttelin, E. E.; Bellingham, J.; Lucas, R. J.; Hankins,
M. W. (2005). "Addition of human melanopsin renders mammalian cells
photoresponsive". Nature 433 (7027):
Berson, David M. (2007). "Phototransduction in ganglion-cell
photoreceptors". Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology
